He was introduced to Shrimad by Dr. Pranjivan Mehta. Ebbero altri tre figli: Manilal (1892), Ramdas (1897) e Devdas (1900). [293] According to Gandhi, this was not true "service" but one driven by an ulterior motive of luring people into religious conversion and exploiting the economically or medically desperate. [419] In the summer of 1995, the North American Vegetarian Society inducted him posthumously into the Vegetarian Hall of Fame. [225] It was at Tolstoy Farm where Gandhi and Hermann Kallenbach systematically trained their disciples in the philosophy of nonviolence. [411] Since then philosophers including Hannah Arendt, Etienne Balibar and Slavoj Žižek found that Gandhi was a necessary reference to discuss morality in politics. Gandhi favoured an education system with far greater emphasis on learning skills in practical and useful work, one that included physical, mental and spiritual studies. [127] After his support for the World War I with Indian combat troops, and the failure of Khilafat movement in preserving the rule of Caliph in Turkey, followed by a collapse in Muslim support for his leadership, some such as Subhas Chandra Bose and Bhagat Singh questioned his values and non-violent approach. According to Arthur Herman, Ambedkar's hatred for Gandhi and Gandhi's ideas was so strong that, when he heard of Gandhi's assassination, he remarked after a momentary silence a sense of regret and then added, "My real enemy is gone; thank goodness the eclipse is over now". Philosopher Martin Buber was highly critical of Gandhi's approach and in 1939 wrote an open letter to him on the subject.
- Leader del movimento per la libertà e l'indipendenza dell'India (Porbandar, sul golfo di Oman, 1869 - Nuova Delhi 1948) detto Mahātmā (sanscr. [195], Gandhi's assassination dramatically changed the political landscape. By contrast Gandhi is "given full credit for India's political identity as a tolerant, secular democracy. [415] Gandhi was also the runner-up to Albert Einstein as "Person of the Century"[416] at the end of 1999. After several such incidents with Whites in South Africa, Gandhi's thinking and focus changed, and he felt he must resist this and fight for rights. Gandhi's silence after the Khilafat period may represent an evolution in his understanding of the conflicting religious claims over Palestine, according to Kumaraswamy.
Jinnah was mainly interested in dealing with the British via constitutional negotiation, rather than attempting to agitate the masses. [84], In 1906, when the British declared war against the Zulu Kingdom in Natal, Gandhi at age 36, sympathised with the Zulus and encouraged the Indian volunteers to help as an ambulance unit. [252] Gandhi, states Richards, described the term "God" not as a separate power, but as the Being (Brahman, Atman) of the Advaita Vedanta tradition, a nondual universal that pervades in all things, in each person and all life. johtaja. "[220][221] Historian Howard states the culture of Gujarat influenced Gandhi and his methods.
ingl. The satyagraha civil disobedience followed, with people assembling to protest the Rowlatt Act. [230][231][232], During his stay in South Africa, along with scriptures and philosophical texts of Hinduism and other Indian religions, Gandhi read translated texts of Christianity such as the Bible, and Islam such as the Quran. Gandhi was the distinguished leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in eight volumes, Chaman Nahal's Gandhi Quartet, and Pyarelal and Sushila Nayyar with their Mahatma Gandhi in 10 volumes. An achievement while on the committee was the establishment of a Bayswater chapter. In quegli stessi decenni maturava il pensiero non-violento di Gandhi, il Mahatma ... Enciclopedia Italiana - II Appendice (1948). [179], The British reluctantly agreed to grant independence to the people of the Indian subcontinent, but accepted Jinnah's proposal of partitioning the land into Pakistan and India. [179] Wavell feared a civil war on the Indian subcontinent, and doubted Gandhi would be able to stop it. Le proteste pacifiche del Mahatma, però consistono nella preghiera, nell’ostacolare determinati commerci e nel rifiuto di nutrimento. He began his sentence on 18 March 1922. [334] According to the 1960s memoir of his grandniece Manu, Gandhi feared in early 1947 that he and she may be killed by Muslims in the run up to India's independence in August 1947, and asked her when she was 18 years old if she wanted to help him with his experiments to test their "purity", for which she readily accepted. He inspired Dr. King with his message of nonviolence. He was arrested and imprisoned at the Yerwada Jail, Pune. [301] In 1938, Gandhi spoke in favour of Jewish claims, and in March 1946, he said to the Member of British Parliament Sidney Silverman, "if the Arabs have a claim to Palestine, the Jews have a prior claim", a position very different from his earlier stance. [109][103][105], Gandhi expanded his nonviolent non-co-operation platform to include the swadeshi policy – the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. He stated that spiritual studies must encourage "a Hindu to become a better Hindu, a Mussalman to become a better Mussalman, and a Christian a better Christian. At UCL, he studied law and jurisprudence and was invited to enroll at Inner Temple with the intention of becoming a barrister.
The British did not recognise the declaration but negotiations ensued, with the Congress taking a role in provincial government in the late 1930s. [151][152], In 1934 Gandhi resigned from Congress party membership. In 2011, Time magazine named Gandhi as one of the top 25 political icons of all time. Our site uses cookies. [86], In 1910, Gandhi established, with the help of his friend Hermann Kallenbach, an idealistic community they named Tolstoy Farm near Johannesburg. They were auxiliaries at the Battle of Colenso to a White volunteer ambulance corps. In Britain, Winston Churchill, a prominent Conservative politician who was then out of office but later became its prime minister, became a vigorous and articulate critic of Gandhi and opponent of his long-term plans.
[47] The Gandhi couple had four more children, all sons: Harilal, born in 1888; Manilal, born in 1892; Ramdas, born in 1897; and Devdas, born in 1900. [227] Gandhi exchanged letters with Rajchandra when he was in South Africa, referring to him as Kavi (literally, "poet"). [247], Gandhi based Satyagraha on the Vedantic ideal of self-realization, ahimsa (nonviolence), vegetarianism, and universal love. [42], In May 1883, the 13-year-old Mohandas was married to 14-year-old Kasturbai Makhanji Kapadia (her first name was usually shortened to "Kasturba", and affectionately to "Ba") in an arranged marriage, according to the custom of the region at that time. Kasturba soffriva di bronchite cronica. In the song Porter rhymes "Mahatma Gandhi' with "Napoleon Brandy. [117][118], With his book Hind Swaraj (1909) Gandhi, aged 40, declared that British rule was established in India with the co-operation of Indians and had survived only because of this co-operation. [264][265] Winston Churchill caricatured Gandhi as a "cunning huckster" seeking selfish gain, an "aspiring dictator", and an "atavistic spokesman of a pagan Hinduism".
Ruskin inspired his decision to live an austere life on a commune, at first on the Phoenix Farm in Natal and then on the Tolstoy Farm just outside Johannesburg, South Africa. More than half a million were killed in religious riots as 10 million to 12 million non-Muslims (Hindus and Sikhs mostly) migrated from Pakistan into India, and Muslims migrated from India into Pakistan, across the newly created borders of India, West Pakistan and East Pakistan. [110][111] His support for the Khilafat movement also helped him sideline Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who had announced his opposition to the satyagraha non-co-operation movement approach of Gandhi. After two uncertain years in India, where he was unable to start a successful law practice, he moved to South Africa in 1893 to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit. [419] Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Some of his staff resigned, including two of his newspaper's editors who had refused to print some of Gandhi's sermons dealing with his experiments. In August 1947 the British partitioned the land with India and Pakistan each achieving independence on terms that Gandhi disapproved. [386], Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements. [26][59], In April 1893, Gandhi aged 23, set sail for South Africa to be the lawyer for Abdullah's cousin. Gandhi would sleep with both Manu and Abha at the same time. Recently in the light of climate change Gandhi's views on technology are gaining importance in the fields of environmental philosophy and philosophy of technology. One of Gandhi's earliest publications, Hind Swaraj, published in Gujarati in 1909, became "the intellectual blueprint" for India's independence movement.
Deadly religious riots re-appeared in numerous cities, with 91 in United Provinces of Agra and Oudh alone. [330] Gandhi began experiments with these, and in 1906 at age 37, although married and a father, he vowed to abstain from sexual relations. Esso era integrato e limitato dall'altro principio, di schietta origine indiana e buddista, dell'ahimṣā o non-violenza. On 9 April, Gandhi was arrested. [155][156] Gandhi declared that Sitaramayya's defeat was his defeat. This page was last edited on 23 October 2020, at 08:32. Wavell condemned Gandhi's character and motives as well as his ideas.
[52] His mother was not comfortable about Gandhi leaving his wife and family, and going so far from home. Gandhi led Congress celebrated 26 January 1930 as India's Independence Day in Lahore. [405] At the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival in 2007, former US Vice-President and environmentalist Al Gore spoke of Gandhi's influence on him.[406]. There he studied the rudiments of arithmetic, history, the Gujarati language and geography. La scissione del Pakistan, che la accompagnò, fu contraria agli ideali unitarî di Gandhi, che la subì perché resa necessaria dalle rivalità etniche e religiose, riesplose nel 1947 con sanguinosi eccessi da ambo le parti.
Gandhi began abstaining from cow's milk in 1912, and did so even when doctors advised him to consume milk. [196][197] Nehru used the assassination to consolidate the authority of the new Indian state.
[290] Gandhi accepted this and began having Muslim prayers read in Hindu temples to play his part, but was unable to get Hindu prayers read in mosques. [341], According to Christophe Jaffrelot, while Gandhi considered untouchability to be wrong and evil, he believed that caste or class is based on neither inequality nor inferiority. British political leaders such as Lord Birkenhead and Winston Churchill announced opposition to "the appeasers of Gandhi", in their discussions with European diplomats who sympathised with Indian demands.
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