Noch war der neu geschaffene Nationalstaat nicht befriedet; 1866 kam es zum Dritten Unabhängigkeitskrieg gegen Österreich, den Italien an der Seite Preußens bestritt. Relations between Umberto and Marie José grew more strained during their exile, and in effect their marriage broke up with Marie José moving to Switzerland while Umberto remained in Portugal, though as Catholics, the couple never filed for divorce.[14]. Unterwegs war er in einer offenen Kutsche, als der Anarchist Gaetano Bresci aus der jubelnden Menge am Straßenrand viermal mit einem Revolver auf den König feuerte und ihn dreimal traf. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 17. During the Italian campaign, Crown Prince Umberto di Savoia often visited the front and on the eve of the Battle of Monte Lungo (7 December 1943) volunteered for a dangerous air reconnaissance mission. [16] Umberto wanted to serve in the Ethiopian war, but was prevented from doing so by his father, who did however allow four royal dukes to serve in East Africa. [13] According to the film director and aristocrat Luchino Visconti's autobiography, he and Umberto had a homosexual relationship during their youth in the 1920s. Umberto was educated for a military career and in time became the commander-in-chief of the Northern Armies, and then the Southern ones. März 1983 in Genf, Schweiz) war ein Angehöriger des Hauses Savoyen und 1946 der letzte König von Italien. Daraus resultierte für Italien eine Handelskonzession mit der chinesischen Stadt Tianjin. [56] As the Allies pushed northwards, aside from the damage caused by the fighting, the retreating Germans systematically destroyed all of the infrastructure, leading to a humanitarian disaster in the liberated parts. After Rome was liberated in June, Victor Emmanuel transferred his remaining constitutional powers to Umberto, naming his son Lieutenant General of the Realm. By mutual agreement, Umberto and Mussolini always kept a distance. Corps des Generals Enrico Morozzi della Rocca und verhinderte so hohe italienische Verluste. Als Italien eine Republik wurde, verließ er das Land und lebte er bis zu seinem Tod im Exil in Cascais in Portugal. September 1904 auf Schloss Racconigi, Piemont; 18. [62], Umberto's own relations with the Allies were strained by his insistence that after the war Italy should keep all of its colonial empire, including Ethiopia and the parts of Yugoslavia that Mussolini had annexed in 1941. During the Italian campaign, Crown Prince Umberto di Savoia often visited the front and on the eve of the Battle of Monte Lungo (7 December 1943) volunteered for a dangerous air reconnaissance mission. [91] The possibility of losing the referendum also led to the monarchists to appeal to Victor Emmanuel to finally abdicate. [67] Mack Smith cautioned that the friendly reception that Umberto received in Rome may have been due to him being a symbol of normalcy after the harsh German occupation as opposed to genuine affection for the prince. He was accorded the title Prince of Piedmont, which was formalised by Royal Decree on 29 September. [95] Umberto himself had expected to win the referendum and was deeply shocked when the majority of his subjects chose a republic.[95]. [92] De Gasperi and the other Christian Democratic leaders refused to take sides in the referendum, urging Christian Democratic voters to follow their consciences when it came time to vote. ), mit vollem Namen Umberto Rainerio Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoia (* 14. Dezember 1943 stattfand, war das erste Gefecht der königlichen italienischen Armee gemeinsam mit de alliierten Streitkräften. [2] During the crisis of May 1915, when Victor Emmanuel III decided to break the terms of the Triple Alliance by declaring war on the Austrian empire, he found himself in a quandary as the Italian Parliament was against declaring war; several times, the king discussed abdication with the throne to pass to the Duke of Aosta instead of Umberto. [13] Umberto was described as a "sensuous" man who constantly craved sex, but he always felt very guilty and tormented afterward for violating the Catholic teaching that homosexuality and fornication are sins. Umberto's custom of giving a fleur-de-lis made of precious stones to favoured young officials in his entourage was well known, and Umberto's lovers may have included Jean Marais;[104] there was a former army lieutenant who published details of Umberto's advances to him. [5] Umberto's attitude toward the Fascist regime varied: at times he mocked the more pompous aspects of Fascism and his father for supporting such a regime, while at other times he praised Mussolini as a great leader. [10], Umberto was married in Rome on 8 January 1930 to Princess Marie José of Belgium (1906–2001), daughter of King Albert I of the Belgians and his wife, Queen Elisabeth, née Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria. [77][78], In October 1944, Umberto in an interview with the New York Times stated he favored a referendum to decide whether Italy was to be a republic vs. a monarchy, instead of having the "institutional question" decided by the national assembly that would write Italy's post-war constitution. But given the unwillingness of the king to abdicate, nothing came of it. [87], Umberto earned widespread praise for his role in the following three years with the Italian historian Giuseppe Mammarella calling Umberto a man "whose Fascist past was less compromising" than that of Victor Emmanuel and who as lieutenant general showed certain "progressive" tendencies. [13] Count Galeazzo Ciano, the Italian Foreign Minister, wrote in his diary after Marie José announced her second pregnancy: "I was left to understand the child will be his [Umberto's] without the intervention of doctors or syringes". Victor Emmanuel III was anti-clerical, distrusting the Catholic Church, and wanted nothing to do with a peace attempt made through papal intermediaries. [49] Sforza, who tried to interest the British members of the ACC in this plan as he called Victor Emmanuel a "despicable weakling" and Umberto "a pathological case", saying neither were qualified to rule Italy. [12] Umberto's principal arguments for retaining the monarchy were it was the best way to revive Italy as a great power; it was the only institution capable of holding Italy together by checking regional separatism; and it would uphold Catholicism against anti-clericalism. [5] Im Sommer 1900 war die italienische Marine Teil der Acht-Nationen-Allianz, die den Boxeraufstand im Kaiserreich China niederschlug. He chooses to do this at the very moment when, having been designated lieutenant of the kingdom, he ought to be overcoming doubt and distrust as I personally hoped he would succeed in doing. [82] An attempt by Umberto to have Churchill issue a public statement in favor of the monarchy led Macmillan to warn Umberto to try to be more politically neutral as regent. [51] Since northern and central Italy were still occupied by Germany, it was finally decided at the Bari conference that the "institutional question" should be settled only once all of Italy was liberated, so all of the Italian people could have their say. [95] As a king, Umberto attempted to make wide use of the powers of royal pardon, trying to pardon thousands of criminals as a bid to win popularity (through Parliament blocked most of these pardons) while likewise making equally wide use of his power to grant titles of nobility as during his short reign he awarded thousands of titles of nobility to various local notables in bid to win the support of regional elites. On 17 August 1943, Sicily was liberated with the last Axis forces crossing over to the Italian mainland. [1] Deshalb verabscheuten Linke, Anarchisten und selbst manche Liberale den König. [90] Nonetheless, the poll led to appeals from Umberto to the ACC to postpone the referendum, leading to the reply that the De Gasperi cabinet had set the date for the referendum, not the ACC. Der Attentäter erklärte, sein Verhalten sei ein Racheakt gegen den Umgang Umbertos mit dem Bava-Beccaris-Massaker.[6]. [35] For the first time in his life, Umberto criticised his father, saying the King of Italy should not be fleeing Rome and only reluctantly obeyed his father's orders to go south with him towards the Allied lines. Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi assumed office as Italy's interim Head of State. Nach den schweren Gefechten um Cassino ein Glück im Unglück. A quite new phase in Italy's liberation was opening". Die meisten von ihnen fielen in den Schlachten um Mignano und am Monte Lungo, entlang der Gotenstellung, als sie für die Befreiung Italiens. Der Königskrone lichter Schein verdross! Die Schlacht von Monte Lungo, die zwischen dem 8. und 16. [13] It is not clear how factual these rumors were, but the couple's unorthodox living arrangements—Umberto and Marie José lived apart and Umberto always announced in advance visits to his wife and was accompanied by a male friend—certainly inspired gossip. [105] Except for public appearances, Umberto and Maria José generally lived apart. In der Folge erhielt er eine zeitgemäße und standesgemäße Erziehung. Die Amerikaner schlugen ihn für die Bronze Star Medal vor, die ihm jedoch aus politischen Gründen verweigert wurde. On 3 September 1943, the British 8th Army landed on the Italian mainland at Reggio Calabria while the U.S. 5th Army landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943 a few hours after it was announced that Italy had signed an armistice. The American Commander nominated him for the Bronze Star … [45] The statement from Victor Emmanuel in late 1943 that he felt he borne no responsibility for Italy's plight, for appointing Mussolini prime minister in 1922 and for entering the war in 1940 further increased his unpopularity and led to demands that he abdicate at once. Dass kaum der Schmerz darüber Thränen fand, Umberto was appointed to this position by his father, who wanted the expected Italian victory to also be a victory for the House of Savoy, as the king feared Mussolini's ambitions. November 1878 nach Neapel. An attempted assassination took place in Brussels on 24 October 1929, the day of the announcement of his betrothal to Princess Marie José. September flohen die königliche Familie und die Regierung von Rom nach Brindisi, um einer Verhaftung durch die Deutschen zu entgehen. Dezember 1943) nahm er freiwillig an einer gefährlichen Luftaufklärungsoperation teil. General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris schlug die Demonstration mit Waffengewalt nieder, was je nach Angaben zwischen 82 und 300 Tote forderte. [47] Mack Smith wrote that Umberto was: "More attractive and outgoing than his father, he was even more a soldier at heart, and completely inexperienced as a politician...In personality less astute and intelligent than his father...less obstinate, he was far more open, affable and ready to learn". [62] The Catholic Church was in favor of Umberto, who unlike his father, was a sincere Catholic who it was believed would keep the Communists out of power. 1050 Brüssel, Belgien Umberto wollte nach Rom zurückkehren, um dort den Widerstand zu organisieren, aber der König ließ ihn nicht gehen. [86] Over the opposition of the left-wing parties who wanted the "institutional question" resolved by the Constituent Assembly, De Gasperi announced that a referendum would be held to decide the "institutional question". Am 13. Now he is simply repeating his father's arguments. [2] Umberto gratulierte dem General in einem Telegramm und zeichnete ihn mit einem Orden aus, was zu großer Empörung in weiten Teilen der Bevölkerung führte. [67] During the German occupation, much of the Roman population had lived on the brink of starvation, young people had arrested on the streets to be taken off to work as slave labor in Germany while the Fascist Milizia together with the Wehrmacht and SS had committed numerous atrocities. The Balkan playboy period was over. Jahrhundert), „Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike“, Humbert; Rainer Karl Emanuel Johann Maria Ferdinand Eugen (bürgerlich). As a referendum on the abolition of the monarchy was in preparation, Victor Emmanuel abdicated his throne in favour of Umberto in the hope that his exit might bolster the monarchy. [25] Umberto was seen as supportive of these efforts to depose Mussolini, but as Ciano (who had turned against Mussolini by this point) complained in his diary the prince was far too passive, refusing to make a move or even state his views unless his father expressed his approval first. Umberto I. regierte ganz im Geiste seines Vaters streng konstitutionell, stellte aber die finanzielle Ordnung in der Zivilliste wieder her und galt nebst seiner Gemahlin als Beispiel „feinster Bildung und wahrhaft vornehmer, edler Haltung.“. Danach können Sie alle kostenlosen Marketingmaterialien von Europe Remembers herunterladen und Ihre Kampagne gestalten. Umberto und der italienische Diktator Mussolini waren keine Freunde. In September 1943, Italy was partitioned between the south of Italy administered by the Italian government with an Allied Control Commission (ACC) having supervisory powers while northern and central Italy were occupied by Germany with a puppet Italian Social Republic (popularly called the Salò republic) headed by Mussolini holding nominal power. März 1844 in Turin; 29. Juni 1944 wurde Rom als erste Hauptstadt von der nationalsozialistischen Besatzung befreit. Am Vorabend der Schlacht von Monte Lungo (8. [14] Umberto spent much of his time with the bisexual French actor Jean Marais and the boxer Primo Carnera. Mai bis 12. Traditionell durfte er keine Rolle in Staatsangelegenheiten spielen und entschied sich darum für eine Militärlaufbahn. As the Allies freed more and more of Italy from the Salò regime, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his previous support of Fascism to have any further role. © Public Domain, Prince Umberto visits a wounded soldier, Spring 1944. [87] At the same time, Italian women were given the right to vote and to hold office for the first time, again over the opposition of the left-wing parties, who viewed Italian women as more conservative than their menfolk, and believed that female suffrage would benefit the monarchist side in the referendum. Umberto later stated that he would have never signed the peace treaty of 1947 under which Italy renounced its empire. [70] On 5 June 1944, Victor Emmanuel formally gave up his powers to Umberto, finally recognizing his son as Lieutenant General of the Realm. [22] Victor Emmanuel simply did not believe that Marie José was competent to serve as a diplomat. : +31 (0)30 200 6834, Büro Belgien: A few days later, on 19 April 1944, Umberto in an interview with The Times complained that the ACC was too liberal in giving Italians too much freedom as the commissioners "seemed to expect the Italian people to run before they could walk". Sein Sohn, Viktor Emanuel III., starb 1947 im ägyptischen Exil, wurde dort beigesetzt und 2017, ebenso wie seine Gattin, Königin Elena, in das Santuario di Vicoforte (Piemont) überführt. Er nahm nicht den Titel Umberto IV. Fritz von Ostini, der Chefredakteur der in München erscheinenden Zeitschrift Jugend, widmete Umberto I. im August 1900 (Heft 33, S. 567) ein Nachruf-Sonett: „Ein reiner Mensch, der jedes Herz gewann! [51] Beyond removing Victor Emmanuel, which everyone at the Congress of Bari wanted, the Italian politicians differed, with some calling for a republic to be proclaimed at once, some willing to see Umberto succeed to the throne, others wanting Umberto to renounce his claim to the throne in favor of his son, and finally those who were willing to accept Umberto as lieutenant general of the realm to govern in place of his father. [12], The contrast between Umberto, who was stiff and punctilious, and the more carefree and spontaneous Marie José was also much commented upon. Lucasbolwerk 10 [6], Umberto was the first cousin of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Nachdem sein Vater, König Viktor Emanuel III, ihm den Thron überlassen hatte, war Umberto 34 Tage lang König von Italien, von 9. Die konservative Regierung reagierte mit der Beschneidung bürgerlicher Freiheiten. [43] As dire as the economic situation was in southern Italy, food shortages and inflation were even worse in northern Italy as the Germans carried out a policy of ruthless economic exploitation. [42] Naples in 1944 was described as a city without cats or dogs which had all been eaten by the Neapolitans while much of the female population of Naples turned to prostitution in order to survive. Im September 1870 eroberte das Königreich Italien den Kirchenstaat und Rom. [99] Nor had the issue of Italy's borders been settled definitively, so the voting rights of those in disputed areas had not been satisfactorily clarified. Mussolini erwog sogar, ihm das Thronfolgerecht abzusprechen. At about 3 pm on 13 June 1946, Umberto left the Quirinal Palace for the last time with the servants all assembled in the courtyard to see him off and many were in tears. [13] The rumors did have at least some basis in fact as Marie Jose's doctor later confirmed that three out of the four royal children were conceived via artificial insemination as Umberto did not like to make love to his wife. In a break with the traditions of the House of Savoy, Umberto was an intense Catholic, described by his biographer Domenico Bartoli as "almost to the point of fanaticism", but he was unable to resist what he called his "satanic" homosexual urges. [12] On the campaign trail, Umberto was received with much more friendliness in the south of Italy than in the north. At the time when Umberto was dying, in 1983, President Sandro Pertini wanted the Italian Parliament to allow Umberto to return to his native country. [79] Umberto's interview caused some controversy as it was widely feared by the republican parties that a referendum would be rigged, especially in the south of Italy. [5] He made an exception when Adolf Hitler asked for a meeting. Sein Vater bestieg 1849 als Viktor Emanuel II. Presse & PR: press@liberationroute.com [30] The American historian Gerhard Weinberg wrote that Badoglio as prime minister "...did almost everything as stupidly and slowly as possible", as he dragged out the secret peace talks going on in Lisbon and Tangier, being unwilling to accept the Allied demand for unconditional surrender. Im März 1858 trat der 14-jährige Kronprinz als Hauptmann in die piemontesisch-sardische Armee ein und begann unter der Anleitung von Agostino Ricci eine Offizierslaufbahn. No demand was made for summoning parliament". August 1900 im Pantheon in Rom, an der Seite seines Vaters. [20], After the capitulation of France, Mussolini kept Umberto inactive as Army commander. [89] The American historian Norman Kogan cautioned the poll was of Christian Democratic members, which was not the same thing as Christian Democratic voters who tended to be "...rural, female, or generally apolitical". [95] In his last statement as king, Umberto refused to accept the republic, saying he was the victim of a coup d'état by his ministers and the referendum had been rigged against him. Umberto was born at the Castle of Racconigi in Piedmont. Tel. Und schon bald musste sich Umberto als Offizier in den italienischen Einigungskriegen beweisen. [65] In the same interview, Umberto stated that his hope was to make Italy a democracy by executing "the vastest education programme Italy has ever seen" to eliminate illiteracy in Italy once and for all.[65]. So kamen für Umberto nur wenige katholische Bräute in Frage, so dass er am 22. [60] The diplomat and politician Count Carlo Sforza wrote in his diary that Umberto was completely unqualified to be king as he called the crown prince "a stupid young man who knew nothing of the real Italy" and "he had been as closely associated with fascism as his father. [96] The socialist leader Sandro Pertini warned Umberto not to campaign in Milan as otherwise he would be lynched by the Milanese working class if he should appear in that city. [50], At a meeting of the leading politicians from the six revived political parties on 13 January 1944 in Bari, the demand was made that the ACC should force Victor Emmanuel to abdicate to "wash away the shame of the past". [14] Her attempts were not sponsored by the king and Umberto was not (directly, at least) involved in them. However, the referendum passed, Italy was declared a republic, and Umberto lived out the rest of his life in exile in Cascais, on the Portuguese Riviera. [12] Umberto did not spend his wedding night with his bride, instead enjoying the company of a group of young men whom he gave U-shaped diamond rings. In November 1942, as part of the Battle of Stalingrad, the Red Army launched Operation Uranus, which saw the Soviets annihilate much of the Italian expeditionary force in Russia and encircle the German 6th Army. Januar 1900 erließ Umberto I. anlässlich der Jahrhundertwende eine Amnestie für Verbrechen gegen die öffentliche Sicherheit und die Pressegesetze, für Vergehen gegen die Freiheit der Arbeit und für politische Straftaten.[3]. Umberto di Savoia-Aosta SKH Prinz Umberto di Savoia-Aosta (* 7. Umberto, who considered himself a great fashionista, personally designed his bride's wedding dress and according to a popular rumor liked to wear his bride's wedding dress in the company of his gay friends.
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